TM 11-661 Electrical Fundamentals: Direct Current 1951-06-22.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. MAGNETISM.
Invisible forces 1 1
Early history of magnetism 2 1
Magnetic compass 3 1
Magnetism and electricity 4 1
Experiment: attraction of iron filings to a bar magnet 5 1
Artificial magnets 6 3
Magnetic and nonmagnetic substances 7 3
Magnetic poles 8 4
Earth as a magnet 9 5
Molecular theory of magnetism 10 5
Attraction and repulsion of magnetic poles 11 5
Factors affecting magnetic force 12 7
Magnetic field 13 8
Lines of force 14 11
Characteristics of magnetic fields 15 13
Permeability 16 14
Handling and care of magnets 17 15
Theory of magnetization 18 15
Summary 19 16
Review questions 20 17
2. ELECTRIFICATION.
Early history of electrification 21 18
Attraction and repulsion 22 18
Theory of electrification 23 20
Structure of matter 24 20
Structure of the atom 25 21
Electrons, protons, and neutrons 26 23
Forces associated with matter in the universe 27 25
Charging 28 26
Summary 29 27
Review questions 30 27
3. ELECTROSTATICS.
Electric field and lines of force 31 29
Exploring an electric field 32 29
Electric lines of force 33 29
Lines of force associated with two charged bodies 34 30
Potential energy in gravitational field 35 32
Potential in an electric field 36 32
Summary 37 35
Review questions 38 36
4. CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS.
Free electrons 39 37
Conductors and insulators 40 37
Summary 41 38
Review questions 42 38
CHAPTER 5. CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND RESISTANCE.
Electric circuit 43 39
Current 44 39
Definition of current 45 39
Electron theory of conduction 46 41
Electric current 47 42
Measurement of current 48 43
Measurement of emf 49 44
Electrical resistance. . 50 45
Measurement of wire conductors 51 46
Conductance 52 47
Common conducting materials 53 47
Resistors 54 48
American Wire Gage 55 49
Table of relative resistances and conductances of some common 56 50
materials as compared to annealed copper.
Table of specific resistivities 57 50
Wire table 58 51
Heat losses 59 52
Power rating of resistors 60 52
Commercial resistors 61 52
Resistor color code 62 53
Prefixes 63 53
Conversion table 64 55
Circuit symbols 65 55
Summary 66 57
Review questions 67 57
6. OHM'S LAW
General 68 58
Ohm's law 69 58
Practical application 70 59
Memory method 71 59
Units of measurement 72 60
Applications 73 60
Summary 74 63
Review questions 75 63
7. PRIMARY CELLS
Early experiments and discoveries 76 64
Voltaic pile 77 64
Simple voltaic cell and its parts 78 65
Chemical explanation of cell operation 79 65
Local action 80 66
Internal resistance 81 67
Polarization 82 68
Cells and batteries 83 69
The dry cell 84 69
Terminals 85 71
Voltage and current of dry cells 86 71
Current capacity rating of dry cells 87 72
Testing batteries 88 72
Methods of testing batteries 89 73
Connecting dry cells 90 73
Connecting cells in series 91 73
Connecting cells in parallel 92 74
Improper connections of cells in parallel 93 75
Effects of unequal cell voltages in parallel 94 75
Connecting cells in series-parallel 95 75
Classification of dry batteries in accordance with use 96 76
Summary 97 76
Review questions 98 78
CHAPTER 8. SECONDARY CELLS.
General 99 79
Chemical action of lead-acid secondary cells 100 79
Construction of lead-acid storage batteries 101 81
The electrolyte 102 83
The rating of secondary cells - 103 84
Charging of lead-acid batteries 104 84
Testing of lead-acid batteries .105 86
Care of lead-acid batteries . 106 87
The Edison storage battery 107 88
Summary 108 88
Review questions 109 89
9. CIRCUITS.
General 110 90
The series circuit 111 90
Rise or fall of potential, voltage drops 112 92
Precautions in handling circuits 113 93
Laws of series circuits 114 94
Simple parallel circuit 115 96
Series-parallel circuit 116 96
Law of parallel circuits 117 96
Combining parallel resistances 118 98
Series-parallel circuits 119 101
Calculations in series-parallel circuit 120 102
Series-parallel circuit problem 121 105
Complex circuits; Kirchhoff's laws 122 106
Circuit tracing 123 106
Summary 124 107
Review questions. 125 108
10. ELECTROMAGNETISM.
Oersted's experiment 126 112
A magnetic field is produced by electric current 127 112
Relationship between current and its magnetic field 128 113
Left-hand rule 129 114
Magnetic field between conductors carrying currents 130 115
Magnetic field of a single coil 131 116
Electromagnets 132 117
The magnetic circuit 133 118
Magnetomotive force 134 119
Magnetization curves 135 119
Hysteresis loss 136 120
Relationship of electric and magnetic fields 137 121
Energy in magnetic and electric fields 138 122
Summary 139 123
Review questions 140 123
11. INDUCED ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Electromagnetic induction due to cutting of magnetic field by a conductor 141 125
Left-hand generator rule 142 125
Electromagnetic induction due to cutting of a conductor by a magnetic field 143 126
Factors determining the magnitude of induced electromagnetic force 144 126
Explanation of electromagnetic induction 145 127
Faraday's law 146 128
Inducing an emf in a neighboring conductor (mutual induetion) 147 129
Summary 148 131
Review questions 149 131
CHAPTER 12. INDUCTANCE
Self-induction 150 132
Inductance 151 133
Growth and decay of current in inductive circuits 152 134
Development of high induced voltages when an inductive circuit is completely broken 153 137
Types of inductors 154 137
Mutual inductance 155 139
Factors affecting mutual inductance 156 140
Coupling 157 141
Ignition system 158 142
Inductors in series and parallel 159 142
Summary 160 144
Review questions 161 145
APPENDIX I. APPENDIX I. POWER, WORK, UNITS, AND DIMENSIONS 147
II. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN LEAD-ACID CELL - 156
III. APPLICATION OF KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS TO THE SOLUTION OF D-C NETWORKS 159
IV. MISCELLANEOUS 179
INDEX 182
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